Theory of Consumer Behavior Free Essays

Chapter 4 – Theory of Consumer Behavior Economics 11 – UPLB Prepared by T. B. Paris, Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Consumer Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now December 11, 2007 Theory of Consumer Behavior ? ? ? Useful for understanding the demand side of the market. Utility – amount of satisfaction derived from the consumption of a commodity †¦. measurement units ? utils Utility concepts ? ? cardinal utility – assumes that we can assign values for utility, (Jevons, Walras, and Marshall). E. g. , derive 100 utils from eating a slice of pizza ordinal utility approach – does not assign values, instead works with a ranking of preferences. Pareto, Hicks, Slutsky) Total utility and marginal utility ? ? Total utility (TU) – the overall level of satisfaction derived from consuming a good or service Marginal utility (MU) additional satisfaction that an individual derives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. ? TU MU = ? Q Total utility and marginal utility Example (Table 4. 1): Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TU 0 20 27 32 35 35 34 30 36 MU –20 7 5 3 0 -1 -4 ? ? ? ? TU, in general, increases with Q At so me point, TU can start falling with Q see Q = 6) If TU is increasing, MU 0 From Q = 1 onwards, MU is declining ? principle of diminishing marginal utility ? As more and more of a good are consumed, the process of consumption will (at some point) yield smaller and smaller additions to utility Total Utility Curve TU 35 Total utility(in utils) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity 6 Q Figure 4. 1 Marginal Utility Curve MU Marginal utility (in utils) 20 15 10 5 0 -5 Figure 4. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity Q Consumer Equilibrium ? ? So far, we have assumed that any amount of goods and services are always available for consumption In reality, consumers face constraints (income and prices): Limited consumers income or budget ? Goods can be obtained at a price ? Some simplifying assumptions ? ? ? ? Consumer’s objective: to maximize his/her utility subject to income constraint 2 goods (X, Y) Prices Px, Py are fixed Consumer’s income (I) is given Consumer Equilibrium ? Marginal utility per peso ? additional utility derived from spending the next peso on the good MU MU per peso = P Consumer Equilibrium ? Optimizing condition: MU X MU Y = PX PY ? If MU X MU Y PX PY ? spend more on good X and less of Y Simple Illustration ? Suppose: X = fishball Y = siomai ? Assume: PX = 2 PY = 10 Numerical Illustration Qx 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUX 30 39 45 50 54 56 MUX 30 9 6 5 4 2 MUx Px 15 4. 5 3 2. 5 2 1 QY 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUY 50 105 148 178 198 213 MUY 50 55 43 30 20 15 MUy Py 5 5. 5 4. 3 3 2 1. 5 ? ? 2 potential optimum positions Combination A: ? X = 3 and Y = 4 ? TU = TUX + TUY = 45 + 178 = 223 ? Combination B: ? ? X = 5 and Y = 5 TU = TUX + TUY = 54 + 198 = 252 ? Presence of 2 potential equilibrium positions suggests that we need to consider income. To do so let us examine how much each consumer spends for each combination. Expenditure per combination ? ? Total expenditure = PX X + PY Y Combination A: 3(2) + 4(10) = 46 ? Combination B: 5(2) + 5(10) = 60 ? Scenarios: If consumer’s income = 46, then the optimum is given by combination A. .†¦Combination B is not affordable ? If the consumer’s income = 60, then the optimum is given by Combination B†¦. Combination A is affordable but it yields a lower level of utility ? end How to cite Theory of Consumer Behavior, Papers

Theory of Consumer Behavior Free Essays

Chapter 4 – Theory of Consumer Behavior Economics 11 – UPLB Prepared by T. B. Paris, Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Consumer Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now December 11, 2007 Theory of Consumer Behavior ? ? ? Useful for understanding the demand side of the market. Utility – amount of satisfaction derived from the consumption of a commodity †¦. measurement units ? utils Utility concepts ? ? cardinal utility – assumes that we can assign values for utility, (Jevons, Walras, and Marshall). E. g. , derive 100 utils from eating a slice of pizza ordinal utility approach – does not assign values, instead works with a ranking of preferences. Pareto, Hicks, Slutsky) Total utility and marginal utility ? ? Total utility (TU) – the overall level of satisfaction derived from consuming a good or service Marginal utility (MU) additional satisfaction that an individual derives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. ? TU MU = ? Q Total utility and marginal utility Example (Table 4. 1): Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TU 0 20 27 32 35 35 34 30 36 MU –20 7 5 3 0 -1 -4 ? ? ? ? TU, in general, increases with Q At so me point, TU can start falling with Q see Q = 6) If TU is increasing, MU 0 From Q = 1 onwards, MU is declining ? principle of diminishing marginal utility ? As more and more of a good are consumed, the process of consumption will (at some point) yield smaller and smaller additions to utility Total Utility Curve TU 35 Total utility(in utils) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity 6 Q Figure 4. 1 Marginal Utility Curve MU Marginal utility (in utils) 20 15 10 5 0 -5 Figure 4. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity Q Consumer Equilibrium ? ? So far, we have assumed that any amount of goods and services are always available for consumption In reality, consumers face constraints (income and prices): Limited consumers income or budget ? Goods can be obtained at a price ? Some simplifying assumptions ? ? ? ? Consumer’s objective: to maximize his/her utility subject to income constraint 2 goods (X, Y) Prices Px, Py are fixed Consumer’s income (I) is given Consumer Equilibrium ? Marginal utility per peso ? additional utility derived from spending the next peso on the good MU MU per peso = P Consumer Equilibrium ? Optimizing condition: MU X MU Y = PX PY ? If MU X MU Y PX PY ? spend more on good X and less of Y Simple Illustration ? Suppose: X = fishball Y = siomai ? Assume: PX = 2 PY = 10 Numerical Illustration Qx 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUX 30 39 45 50 54 56 MUX 30 9 6 5 4 2 MUx Px 15 4. 5 3 2. 5 2 1 QY 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUY 50 105 148 178 198 213 MUY 50 55 43 30 20 15 MUy Py 5 5. 5 4. 3 3 2 1. 5 ? ? 2 potential optimum positions Combination A: ? X = 3 and Y = 4 ? TU = TUX + TUY = 45 + 178 = 223 ? Combination B: ? ? X = 5 and Y = 5 TU = TUX + TUY = 54 + 198 = 252 ? Presence of 2 potential equilibrium positions suggests that we need to consider income. To do so let us examine how much each consumer spends for each combination. Expenditure per combination ? ? Total expenditure = PX X + PY Y Combination A: 3(2) + 4(10) = 46 ? Combination B: 5(2) + 5(10) = 60 ? Scenarios: If consumer’s income = 46, then the optimum is given by combination A. .†¦Combination B is not affordable ? If the consumer’s income = 60, then the optimum is given by Combination B†¦. Combination A is affordable but it yields a lower level of utility ? end How to cite Theory of Consumer Behavior, Papers

Cezanne and Pollock Essay Example For Students

Cezanne and Pollock Essay Describing their new techniques/materials practice Innovation in concepts, theories and intentions Explore the significance of their work and the influence they had on other artists support with critical and historical quotes/comments. I want to make of Impressionism something soled and durable, like the art of the museums Paul CÃÆ'Â ©zanne The source of my painting is the unconscious Jackson Pollock Modernism is the revolutionary ideas and styles in art, architecture, and literature that developed in the early 20th century as a reaction to traditional forms. Both CÃÆ'Â ©zanne and Pollock understood that although their art was turning away from traditional forms, art is continuity. Never disregarding the Old Master, CÃÆ'Â ©zanne is said to be the father of modernism and Pollock the man who brought art from Paris to America. These two men, both known as avant-garde artists, one whos aim in life was to paint fruit and avoid people, the other who spent most of his time drunk, two great artists who revolutionised the art world with their use of new material and techniques and with their ideas and theories. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne began as an Impressionist but soon became frustrated, as Impressionist did not generate paintings that were compositionally strong, and so the creator of Modernism set out on a journey to empower objects with three-dimensional solidity. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne wanted to establish an equilibrium between the vivacious colour and solid form of three-dimensional objects and the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane. Post-Impressionism: Cezanne, Nineteenth Century Art, pg 478. Similarly, Pollock was a modernist whose works were most prominent between 1948 and 1952. Pollock set out to explain as well as he could an emotional response to the day-to-day problems that are thrown in out face. Lee Siegal believes Pollock painted as if living and painting were identical. Critical Eye, Lee Siegal, pg 3. Picasso, and the traditional Indian and Mexican ways of working inspired Pollock. Working mainly on the floor, Pollock would drip paint on the un-stretched canvas, sometimes hanging it on the wall to change the direction of the paint. Pollock was an artist who believed in art for arts sake. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne on the other hand was still a realist, while Pollock worked with surrealism and abstract art. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne was a realist he painted what he saw, but did not imitate it. By using many different techniques CÃÆ'Â ©zanne was able to create something so simple that had been seen before but not in the same light as CÃÆ'Â ©zanne painted them. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne used many new techniques and materials to create his works; not only on the canvas but also in the setting he painted. He liked to mix plaster in the cloths he used these in his works so that they could be easily moulded, whichever way he liked. Although Cezanne never disregarded the Old Masters he did defy some old rules of the art tradition that had come about during Renaissance time. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne liked to also sculpt his fruit with pure colours preferring not mix the colours, and then juxtaposing the unmixed colours. As well as this CÃÆ'Â ©zanne is famous for his rebelliousness in regards to the idea of one vantage point. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne did not agree with this he aimed to get as much into the picture as he could. It was this point that was CÃÆ'Â ©zannes most drastic step towards modernism, the collapsing of space. He moved around his subject, painting not only the objects but also the relationship between them. Pollock also moved around his works stating On the floor I am more at ease. I feel nearer, more a part of the painting, since this way I can walk around it, work from all four sides and literally be in the painting. Pollock unlike CÃÆ'Â ©zanne did not prepare a subject to paint but rather began and watched in an almost trance as his masterpiece developed. His paintings are suggestive of the two sides of his personality, wildness and a personality; he extended the function of art to include self- expression and the search for an understanding of self. .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .postImageUrl , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:hover , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:visited , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:active { border:0!important; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:active , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art History Midterm study guide EssayCÃÆ'Â ©zannes painting technique is also innovative; the lusciously round fruits are constructed of small patches of pigment crowded within dark outlines. Making the fruit look like it could roll of the table. Other innovations include his structural use of colour and brushstroke. Pollock believed in the importance of the brushstroke and quality of the paint rather than the idea of imitating reality. As well as steering away from reality Pollock preferred to steer away from conventional artists tools and work with sticks, trowels, knives, and dripping fluid paint. Pollock did not invent the drip, but the way he used the drip caused his style to become known as action painting. Holding the brush or stick away from the canvas Pollock threw lines in the air, in direction. This grew from his control of gesture. Pollock is also well known for his unconventional paints, using car paint, duco and ordinary house paints. With his innovation techniques and material Pollock was an important force in bringing American art out of its cultural isolation and into a position of world leadership. Pollocks art reflects modern day obsession, he developed the idea of painting as a pure psychological event, eliminating the gap between the subjective world of the artists thinking and feeling and the objective world of paint and canvas. Pollocks theory developed from the Jungian philosophy, which asserts that certain myths and beliefs are repeated in different societies at various times. Jung believed in that psychological fact that the artist had at all times been the instruments and spokesperson of the spirit of the artists age. European and American Artists: Jackson Pollock. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne articulated in art what he was not capable to do in words, on paper or to people. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne wished to create nature with colour, and that the colour allowed to audience to discover, in turn the entire scene. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne inspired many young and new upcoming artists, as did Pollock. Although both believed in not imitating some of their admirers did just that and tried to replicate what was already there. It was here that the followers began to understand the artists. By replicating a picture or style it lost heart, soul and emotion if it had nothing of your own. The reason for CÃÆ'Â ©zanne and Pollock being so popular was just that, their painting had heart, soul and emotion. Because that is where it came from, their works where not just paintings but lives. For CÃÆ'Â ©zanne this was a separate life, a separate reality to the one he was in. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne sought reality in his own paintings while Pollock thought that his reality was his painting. His blood, sweat and life went into his works. And the reality was that this was his life and he thoroughly believed that painting was his life. In conclusion, Paul CÃÆ'Â ©zanne and Jackson Pollock revolutionised the art world of its time and for that we are grateful. It is in thanks of men like this that art is able to move forward and not stay at a standstill. Although both were not social butterflies their works depict what they were not capable of doing or saying in any other way except paint. While Pollock is and was only famous for four years of his work, it is CÃÆ'Â ©zannes still lifes that stand out most for us, he could put so much emotion and feeling into a couple of oranges, a pear, and three apples next to a jug than an actually person.

Tips and Tricks on How to Focus on Homework

Being tired and annoyed after a long day in school or college is absolutely normal. In such a mood, its hard to motivate and force yourself to start working on your assignments for the next day. Many students cant cope with procrastination looking for the answer to the question â€Å"How to focus better?† and end up using study drugs which is not recommended. Fortunately, we have a few tips that will help you to stop procrastinating, increase your productivity and get to work. Keep reading our article to know more. Find a Comfortable Place Its easy to feel distracted and unfocused when your setting doesnt match the task that you have to complete. Thats why setting the right atmosphere is the first thing you should do when starting working on your assignments. Here are a few things that you need to take care of before you actually start doing your homework: Your working place has to be a desk (or a table) with a comfortable chair. Now, many of you would say â€Å"Whats wrong with doing your homework while lying in bed?† Actually, everything. When you sit or lay on the couch or bed, it relaxes you too much and makes you sleepy. A comfortable table and a chair will be the best option for sitting straight and keeping yourself toned. Open your window to get fresh air. When your brain lacks oxygen, it cant work correctly, so it makes you a slower thinker. Fresh air and deep breathing will help you to keep your mind sharp and avoid headaches. Bring some snacks to your working place. You will probably want to have a snack during this study session, so grab them beforehand. Otherwise, you will have to walk outside the room to grab something to eat, and it will negatively impact your concentration. Staying in the room where you are studying is the best tip on how to concentrate on study continuously for long hours. Find a place where the rest of your family or your mates wont bother you to study. The best option would be a separate room with a door closed. If you have someone at home, ask for privacy and silence. Try to avoid doing your homework in the living room, because it will be much harder to focus with a talk show on TV or chatting family members in the background. The atmosphere and the place you are studying at are very important for setting up the right mood for a cram session and keeping yourself focused. Eliminate Distractions This is the most important and the hardest step. When you need to focus on your assignments – which can be quite boring, lets face it – its hard to keep away from the temptation of using your phone, checking social media and watching TV shows. But you can do that, you just need to follow easy steps: Block your phone or give it to someone while you are learning. It is a simple rule for anyone who wants to succeed in studying – not using your cell phone. To make it easier for you, you can log out of your social media accounts, to turn off the Wi-Fi on your phone or to switch to the airplane mode. This way you wont receive messages, calls or annoying notifications and will be able to stay focused. If you know that you wont be able to keep yourself away from your phone, give it to a parent, a friend or use an app that blocks your screen for a preset time – Flipd, Offtime, etc. Avoid listening to music with lyrics. When you are trying to understand information that you are reading or to formulate a thought that you need to write down, the side noises can hinder. Especially when someone is talking or singing. It happens because your brain is trying to process the information it receives by hearing. If you need some background music, choose some tracks without lyrics. Classical music will do the best. Dont watch TV. It distracts you just like music. Avoid watching it; otherwise, your productivity will severely decrease. All of these tips are great for school and college students who get distracted easily. The less you interrupt your studying process, the more focused you will be while completing homework. Organize Your Time Time management is one of the most essential college skills. If you can productively organize the time you spend on doing your homework, you can change your studying routine and spend less time every day working on another assignment. What does it mean? Time management in studying means that you need to create an action plan first and then follow it without messing the time limits you established. For example, your plan for the evening might be: 3.00  PM – 4.00 PM Math assignment 4.00  PM – 4.30 PM Rest 4.30 PM – 5.30 PM Science assignment 5.30  PM – 6.00 PM Rest 6.00 PM – 7.00 PM Literature assignment 7.00  PM – 8.00 PM Dinner 8.00  PM – 9.00 PM Art assignment As you can see this plan implies an alteration of studying and small 30 minutes breaks to help your brain rest and get ready for the next assignment. You can have snacks, use your phone, listen to music or do some exercises during these breaks. Just give yourself some reward for the amount of work that you completed. You would also be surprised how easily you can manage your time in college. If you set up the schedule for studying at home, it will be easier for you to get to work faster. The mind gets used to certain actions that repeat from day to day. So, just like you are used to going to school in the morning, you will be used to getting to work when the homework time comes. Not everyone can establish such a schedule. But you surely ought to try it. Start with the most time-consuming and challenging assignments. As soon as you get to work, your concentration is much stronger than at the end of studying session. Dedicate the time when you are focused the most to the assignments that require more time and effort. Establish the priority of each assignment that you have to complete. Give the main priority to the assignments that are urgent or value more and start with these tasks. If all of your tasks are important and you don’t have enough time to finish all of them, consider turning to a professional service for help. Cross out finished assignments from the plan – you will see your progress and feel more satisfied with your productivity. Moreover, such a tactic helps boost your motivation to do homework. Dont try to be multitasking. When you try to complete a few assignments at the same time, your concentration gets worse due to the variety of information that your brain needs to process. Focus on one assignment at a time. After finishing it, you can have a break and then start a new assignment. As you can see, the time that you spend on your assignments is as important as the time you give yourself to relax between your study sessions. Such breaks not only help your brain to keep concentration for a long time but also provide you with an opportunity to avoid the temptation as you know that after completing another assignment you can enjoy the things you like – music, social networks, etc. We hope that you found our pieces of advice useful and will feel more focused the next time you have to start your homework assignment.

Bioethanol, a Potential Fuel Revolution

Bioethanol, a Potential Fuel Revolution Simply put, bioethanol is ethanol (alcohol) that is derived exclusively from the fermentation of plant starches. Though ethanol can be extracted as a byproduct from a chemical reaction with ethylene and other petroleum products, these sources are not considered renewable and therefore disqualify most ethanol from being considered bioethanol. Chemically, bioethanol is identical to ethanol and can be represented by either the formula C2H6O or C2H5OH. Really, bioethanol is a marketing term for the products that do not have immediate harm to the environment through burning and use of natural gas. It can be fermented from sugar cane, switchgrass, grains, and agricultural waste.   Environmental Benefits All fuel combustion- regardless of how eco-friendly it is- generates dangerous emissions that harm the earths atmosphere. However, the burning of ethanol, especially bioethanol, has far fewer emissions than gasoline or coal. For that reason, the burning of bioethanol, especially in vehicles that can use fuels derived from them, is much better for the environment than some other alternative fuel sources.   Ethanol, in general, reduces greenhouse emissions by up to 46% compared to gasoline, and the added bonus of bioethanol not relying on harmful chemical processing means it further minimizes the harmful effects of gasoline use. According to the United States Energy Information Administration,  unlike gasoline, pure ethanol is non-toxic and biodegradable, and it quickly breaks down into harmless substances if spilled. Still, no fuel combustion is good for the environment, but if you must drive a car for work or pleasure, perhaps consider switching to a flex-fuel vehicle capable of processing ethanol-gasoline blends. Other Types of Biofuel Biofuels can be broken down into five types: bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, biobutanol, and biohydrogen. Like bioethanol, biodiesel is derived from plant matter. Specifically, the fatty acids in vegetable oils are used to create a powerful substitute through a process known as transesterification. In fact, McDonalds now converts much of its vegetable oil to biodiesel to reduce their companys large carbon footprint. Cows actually produce methane in such large amounts in their burps that theyre one of the largest contributors to emissions in the natural world- impacted significantly by commercial farming. Methane is a type of biogas which is produced during digestion of biomass or the burning of wood (pyrolysis). Sewage and manure can also be used to create biogas! Biobutanol and biohydrogen  are both yielded through biological means of further breaking down butanol and hydrogen from the same materials as bioethanol and biogas. These fuels are common replacements for their synthetic or chemically engineered, more harmful counterparts.

Diversity in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity in the Workplace - Essay Example The main personal tools are self-awareness, metacommunication and flexibility. Metacommunication is one of the most valuable skills that a manager can possess is the ability to communicate effectively with others (Sonnenschein 95). Metacommunication reflects and folds back upon itself bringing more information to each conversant. Metacommunication is an active process that is particularly useful in understanding persons who come from different cultural contexts. Among individuals in an increasingly diverse society, there may be more than one understanding, more than one meaning of a single reality. Individuals who come from different cultural paradigms or different hierarchical positions may perceive the same situation differently and draw different meanings from it. The role and importance of metacommunication is to eliminate cultural and language differences. Self-awareness is another tool which helps managers to deal with diverse employees and lead them. It means: "be aware of those things in your personal background that might help you do or see, or prevent you from doing or seeing thing, important your organization" (Sonnenschein 30). In this case, managers should realize the influence of culture on behavior. Like time or distance, culture is one of those concepts we all know but find difficult to put into words. Self-awareness helps managers to respond effectively to behavior and actions of other employees, understand their motives and desires (Sonnenschein 32). Flexibility can be seen as a tool which helps leaders to manage diverse workforce and sustain positive organizational culture. 'Flexibility' can be seen as an ability to find the best solution in any situation in spite of personal interests or beliefs. For instance, today men's and women's roles have become more diffuse. The division of labor is less rigid and not necessarily gender-linked. The task of the manager is to perceive these changes and apply them into workforce (Sonnenschein 94-95). The organizational techniques are conflict management, socialization and training workshops. Conflict management is an effective technique which helps managers to avoid dissatisfaction and misunderstanding between employees. Clearly, if the parties can agree on mutual objectives then the problem is far easier to resolve than if they have conflicting objectless and personal agendas. The tools used to solve the conflict can be communication and listening, respect to position of others and account of cultural differences. These strategies help a manager to separate the people from the problem; focus on interests and not positions; search for solutions which can accommodate both interests; agree objective criteria. Developing a solution is more critical and complex than ever before. Managers should use benefits of conflicts to create positive culture and climate. Socialization involves understanding of such processes as family influence, personal experience, educational experiences, peer influences, media influences and critical incidents (Sonnenschein 31). For instance, the attributes that once were operative have become less significant in a more democratic and diverse society. Redefining fit no longer means using the broad attributes seeking a deeper sense of knowing and understanding one another. That is, the more we get to know who we all are as

Annotated Bibliography-Terence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography-Terence - Coursework Example It is important on how the use of technology can restore the elderly memory. Rajarshi C., Claire V., H., & Raghav R. (2013). Privacy preserving actions of older adults in social media: Exploring the behavior of opting out of information sharing, Decision Support Systems, ISSN 0167-9236, 10.1016/j.dss.2013.01.004. The Elsevier science publishers publish the information. It provides that there is an increase in the use of the social media by the elderly individuals. These persons, however, do find themselves sharing their private information unknowingly that should be avoided. It does provide for other studies as to how the young generation and the old differ in sharing information. The literature review is extensive and provide explanations for the use of other studies that enables understanding of the research easier. The methods of analysis were limited to observations as to how the elderly shared information that was common to other studies explained by the review. Though, it is unfortunate that elderly persons have to share private issues accidentally. Regec, M. (2011). Opening information technology to the senior population. Retrieved from http://www.lillonline.net/online/documents/publications/elill_publ/bratislava_opening_information_technology_to_senior_population.pdf This is an article published from the Pew research center. It observes that senior members have slow integration of technology compared to younger generation. Hence, the senior members who interact with the young embraces technology with ease. It offers further studies onto how the government can assist the older generation to benefit from the technology such socialization in the society. The literature review analyzed different age groups of the senior members to give an extensive view on how they operate the technology. As a result, it provided in-depth analysis of the study. The method of research was by