Environmental Pollution, Problems and Control Measures Essay

A. Introduction and definition of environmental pollution – We know that, a living organism cannot live by itself. Organisms interact among themselves. Hence, all organisms, such as plants, animals and human beings, as well as the physical surroundings with whom we interact, form a part of our environment. All these constituents of the environment are dependent upon each other. Thus, they maintain a balance in nature. As we are the only organisms try to modify the environment to fulfill our needs; it is our responsibility to take necessary steps to control the environmental imbalances. The environmental imbalance gives rise to various environmental problems. Some of the environmental problems are pollution, soil erosion leading to floods, salt deserts and sea recedes, desertification, landslides, change of river directions, extinction of species, and vulnerable ecosystem in place of more complex and stable ecosystems, depletion of natural resources, waste accumulation, defores tation, thinning of ozone layer and global warming. The environmental problems are visualized in terms of pollution, growth in population, development, industrialization, unplanned urbanization etc. Rapid migration and increase in population in the urban areas has also lead to traffic congestion, water shortages, solid waste, and air, water and noise pollution are common noticeable problems in almost all the urban areas since last few years. Environmental pollution is defined as the undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of our air, land and water. As a result of over-population, rapid industrializations, and other human activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with diverse pollutants that were released as by-products. Pollutants are generally grouped under two classes: (a) Biodegradable pollutants – Biodegradable pollutants are broken down by the activity of micro-organisms and enter into the biogeochemical cycles. Examples of such pollutants are domestic waste pr oducts, urine and faucal matter, sewage, agricultural residue, paper, wood and cloth etc. (b) Non- Biodegradable pollutants – Non-biodegradable pollutants are stronger chemical bondage, do not break down into simpler and harmless products. These include various insecticides and other pesticides, mercury, lead, arsenic, aluminum, plastics, radioactive waste etc. B. Classification of Environmental Pollution – Pollution can be broadly classified according to  the components of environment that are polluted. Major of these are: Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution (land degradation) and Noise pollution. Details of these types of pollutions are discussed below with their prevention measures. (1) Air Pollution: Air is mainly a mixture of various gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen. These are present in a particular ratio. Whenever there is any imbalance in the ratio of these gases, air pollution is caused. The sources of air pollution can be grouped as under (i) Natural; such as, forest fires, ash from smoking volcanoes, dust storm and decay of organic matters. (ii) Man-made due to population explosion, deforestation, urbanization and industrializations. Certain activities of human beings release several pollutants in air, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), lead, arsenic, asbestos, radioactive matter, and dust. The major threat comes from burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum products. Thermal power plants, automobiles and industries are major sources of air pollution as well. Due to progress in atomic energy sector, there has been an increase in radioactivity in the atmosphere. Mining activity adds to air pollution in the form of particulate matter. Progress in agriculture due to use of fertilizers and pesticides has also contributed towards air pollution. Indiscriminate cutting of trees and clearing of forests has led to increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. Global warming is a consequence of green house effect caused by increased level of carbon dioxide (CO2). Ozone (O3) depletion has resulted in UV radiation striking our earth. Harmful Effects of air pollution – (a) It affects respiratory system of living organisms and causes bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia etc. Carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from motor vehicles and cigarette smoke affects the central nervous system. (b) Due to depletion of ozone layer, UV radiation reaches the earth. UV radiation causes skin cancer, damage to eyes and immune system. (c) Acid rain is also a result of air pollution. This is caused by presence of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur in the air. These oxides dissolve in rain water to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid respectively. Various monuments, buildings, and statues are damaged due to corrosion by acid present in the rain. The soil also becomes acidic. The cumulative effect is the gradual degradation of soil and a decline in forest and agricultural productivity. (d) The green house gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) trap the heat radiated from earth. This leads to an increase in earth’s temperature. (e) Some toxic metals and pesticides also cause air pollution. [For more refer Industrial Dust, Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases ] (2) Water Pollution: Water is one of the prime necessities of life. With increasing number of people depend on this resource; water has become a scarce commodity. Pollution makes even the limited available water unfit for use. Water is said to be polluted when there is any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for use. Sources of water pollution are mainly factories, power plants, coal mines and oil wells situated either close to water source or away from sources. They discharge pollutants directly or indirectly into the water sources like river, lakes, water streams etc. The harmful effects of water pollution are: (a) Human beings become victims of various water borne diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, jaundice, etc. (b) The presence of acids/alkalies in water destroys the microorganisms, thereby hindering the self-purification process in the rivers or water bodies. Agriculture is affected badly due to polluted  water. Marine eco-systems are affected adversely. (c) The sewage waste promotes growth of phytoplankton in water bodies; causing reduction of dissolved oxygen. (d) Poisonous industrial wastes present in water bodies affect the fish population and deprives us of one of our sources of food. It also kills other animals living in fresh water. (e) The quality of underground water is also affected due to toxicity and pollutant content of surface water. (2.1) Water pollution by industries and its effects – A change in the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological quality of water that is injurious to its uses. The term â€Å"water pollution† generally refers to human-induced changes to water quality. Thus, the discharge of toxic chemicals from industries or the release of human or livestock waste into a nearby water body is considered pollution. The contamination of ground water of water bodies like rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and oceans can threaten the health of humans and aquatic life. Sources of water pollution may be divided into two categories. (i) Point-source pollution, in which contaminants are discharged from a discrete location. Sewage outfalls and oil spills are examples of point-source pollution. (ii) Non-point-source or diffuse pollution, referring to all of the other discharges that deliver contaminants to water bodies. Acid rain and unconfined runoff from agricultural or urban areas falls under this category. The principal contaminants of water include toxic chemicals, nutrients, biodegradable organics, and bacterial & viral pathogens. Water pollution can affect human health when pollutants enter the body either via skin exposure or through the direct consumption of contaminated drinking water and contaminated food. Prime pollutants, including DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), persist in the natural environment and bioaccumulation occurs in the tissues of aquatic organisms. These prolonged and persistent organic pollutants are transferred up the food chain and they can reach levels of concern in fish species that are eaten by humans. Moreover, bacteria and viral pathogens can pose a public health risk for those who drink contaminated water or eat raw shellfish from polluted water bodies. Contaminants have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. Enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (principally nitrogen and phosphorus) can result in the growth of algae and other aquatic plants that shade or clog streams. If wastewater containing biodegradable organic matter is discharged into a stream with inadequate  dissolved oxygen, the water downstream of the point of discharge will become anaerobic and will be turbid and dark. Settleable solids will be deposited on the streambed, and anaerobic decomposition will occur. Over the reach of stream where the dissolved-oxygen concentration is zero, a zone of putrefaction will occur with the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and other odorous gases. Because many fish species require a minimum of 4–5 mg of dissolved oxygen per liter of water, they will be unable to survive in this portion of the stream. Direct exposures to toxic chemicals are also a health concern for individual aquatic plants and animals. Chemicals such as pesticides are frequently transported to lakes and rivers via runoff, and they can have harmful effects on aquatic life. Toxic chemicals have been shown to reduce the growth, survival, reproductive output, and disease resistance of exposed organisms. These effects can have important consequences for the viability of aquatic populations and communities. Wastewater discharges are most commonly controlled through effluent standards and discharge permits. Under this system, discharge permits are issued with limits on the quantity and quality of effluents. Water-quality standards are sets of qualitative and quantitative criteria designed to maintain or enhance the quality of receiving waters. Criteria can be developed and implemented to protect aquatic life against acute and chronic effects and to safeguard humans against deleterious health effects, including cancer. [ For more refer ‘Water Conservation – Need-of-the-day for our very survival’ ] (3) Soil pollution (Land degradation): Land pollution is due to (i) Deforestation and (ii) Dumping of solid wastes. Deforestation increases soil erosion; thus valuable agricultural land is lost. Solid wastes from household and industries also pollute land and enhance land degradation. Solid wastes include things from household waste and of industrial wastes. They include ash, glass, peelings of fruit and vegetables, paper, clothes, plastics, rubber, leather, brick, sand, metal, waste from cattle shed, night soil and cow dung. Chemicals discharged into air, such as compounds of sulfur and lead, eventually come to soil and pollute it. The heaps of solid waste destroy the natural beauty and surroundings become dirty. Pigs, dogs, rats, flies, mosquitoes visit the  dumped waste and foul smell comes from the waste. The waste may block the flow of water in the drain, which then becomes the breeding place for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are carriers of parasites of malaria and dengue. Consumption of polluted water causes many diseases, such as cholera, diarrhea and dysentery. [ For more refer Solid Waste Disposal -A Burning Problem To Be Resolved To Save Environment ] (4) Noise pollution : High level noise is a disturbance to the human environment. Because of urbanization, noise in all areas in a city has increased considerably. One of the most pervasive sources of noise in our environment today is those associated with transportation. People reside adjacent to highways, are subjected to high level of noise produced by trucks and vehicles pass on the highways. Prolonged exposure to high level of noise is very much harmful to the health of mankind. In industry and in mines the main sources of noise pollution are blasting, movement of heavy earth moving machines, drilling, crusher and coal handling plants etc. The critical value for the development of hearing problems is at 80 decibels. Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects. Moreover, noise can be a causal factor in workplace accidents. C. Fundamentals of prevention and control of air pollution: As mentioned above, air pollutants can be gaseous or particulate matters. Different techniques for controlling these pollutants are discussed below: a. Methods of controlling gaseous pollutants – 1. Combustion – This technique is used when the pollutants are in the form of organic gases or vapors. During flame combustion or catalytic process, these organic pollutants are converted into water vapor and relatively less harmful products, such as CO2. 2. Absorption – In this technique, the gaseous effluents are passed through scrubbers or absorbers. These contain a suitable liquid absorbent, which removes or modifies one or more of the pollutants present in the gaseous effluents. 3. Adsorption – The gaseous effluents are passed through porous solid adsorbents kept in suitable containers. The organic and inorganic constituents of the effluent gases are trapped at the interface of the solid adsorbent by physical adsorbent. b. Methods to control particulate emissions – 1. Mechanical devices generally work on the basis of the following: (i) Gravity: In this process, the particles settle down by gravitational force. (ii) Sudden change in direction of the gas flow. This causes the particles to separate out due to greater momentum. 2. Fabric Filters: The gases containing dust are passed through a porous medium. These porous media may be woven or filled fabrics. The particles present in the gas are trapped and collected in the filters. The gases freed from the particles are discharged. 3. Wet Scrubbers: Wet scrubbers are used in chemical, mining and metallurgical industries to trap SO2, NH3, metal fumes, etc. 4. Electrostatic Precipitators: When a gas or an air stream containing aerosols in the form of dust, fumes or mist, is passed between two electrodes, then, the aerosol particles get precipitated on the electrode. c. Other practices in controlling air pollution -Apart from the above, following practices also help in controlling air pollution. (i) Use of better designed equipment and smokeless fuels, hearths in industries and at home. (ii) Automobiles should be properly maintained and adhere to recent emission-control standards. (iii) More trees should be planted along road side and houses. (iv) Renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar energy, ocean currents, should fulfill energy needs. (v) Tall chimneys should be installed for vertical dispersion of pollutants. d. General air pollution control devices / equipments for industries – The commonly used equipments / process for control of dust in various industries are (a) Mechanical dust collectors in the form of dust cyclones; (b) Electrostatic precipitators – both dry and wet system; (c) particulate scrubbers; (d) Water sprayer at dust generation points; (e) proper ventilation system and (f) various monitoring devices to know the concentration of dust in general body of air. The common equipments / process used for control of toxic / flue gases are the (a) process of desulphurisation; (b) process of denitrification; (c) Gas conditioning etc. and (d) various monitoring devices to know the efficacy of the systems used. e. Steps, in general, to be taken for reduction of air pollution – To change our behavior in order to reduce AIR POLLUTION at home as well as on the road, few following small steps taken by us would lead to clean our Environment. At Home: 1. Avoid using chemical pesticides or fertilizers in your yard and garden. Many fertilizers are a source of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Try organic products instead. 2. Compost your yard waste instead of burning it. Outdoor burning is not advisable, as it pollutes air. Breathing this smoke is bad for you, your family and your neighbors. Plus, you can use the compost in your garden. 3. If you use a wood stove or fireplace to heat your home, it would be better to consider switching to another form of heat which does not generate smoke. It is always better to use sweater or warm clothing than using fireplace. 4. Be energy efficient. Most traditional sources of energy burn fossil fuels, causing air pollution. Keep your home well-maintained with weather-stripping, storm windows, and insulation. Lowering your thermostat can also help – and for every two degrees Fahrenheit you lower it, you save about two percent on your heating bill. 5. Plant trees and encourage other to plant trees as well. Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and filter out air pollution. During warmer days, trees provide cool air, unnecessary use of energy on air conditioning is avoided, hence the air pollution. 6. Try to stop smoking; at home, at office or at outside. Tobacco smoking not only deteriorates self’s health, it affects others health too. On the Road: 7. Keep your vehicle well maintained. A poorly maintained engine both creates more air pollution and uses more fuel. Replace oil and air filters regularly, and keep your tires properly inflated. 8. Drive less. Walking, bicycling, riding the bus, or working from home can save you money as well as reducing air pollution. 9. Don’t idle your vehicle. If you stop for more than 30 seconds, except in traffic, turn off your engine. 10. Don’t buy more car than you need. Four-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, engine size, vehicle weight, and tire size all affect the amount of fuel your vehicle uses. The more fuel it uses the more air pollution it causes. D. Water pollution prevention and control: Water is a key resource for our quality of life. It also provides natural habitats and eco-systems for plant and animal species. Access to clean water for drinking and sanitary purposes is a precondition for human health and well-being. Clean unpolluted water is essential for our ecosystems. Plants  and animals in lakes, rivers and seas react to changes in their environment caused by changes in chemical water quality and physical disturbance of their habitat. Water pollution is a human-induced change in the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological quality of water that is injurious to its existing, intended, or potential uses such as boating, waterskiing, swimming, the consumption of fish, and the health of aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Thus, the discharge of toxic chemicals from a pipe or the release of livestock waste into a nearby water body is considered pollution. The contamination of ground water, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and oceans can threaten the hea lth of humans and aquatic life. Contaminants have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. for example, enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (principally nitrogen and phosphorus) can result in the growth of algae and other aquatic plants that shade or clog streams. Direct exposures to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, is also a health concern for individual aquatic plants and animals. Without healthy water for drinking, cooking, fishing, and farming, the human race would perish. Clean water is also necessary for recreational interests such as swimming, boating, and water skiing. a. Sources of Water Pollution – Sources of water pollution are generally divided into two categories. The first is point-source pollution, in which contaminants are discharged from a discrete location. Sewage outfalls and oil spills are examples of point-source pollution. The second category is non-point-source or diffuses pollution, referring to all of the other discharges that deliver contaminants to water bodies. Numerous manufacturing plants pour off undiluted corrosives, poisons, and other noxious byproducts to water streams. The construction industry discharges slurries of gypsum, cement, abrasives, metals, and poisonous solvents. The mining industry also presents persistent water pollution problems. In yet another instance of pollution, hot water discharged by factories and power plants causes so-called ‘thermal pollution’ by increasing water temperatures. Such increases change the level of oxygen dissolved in a body of water, thereby disrupting the water’s ecological balance, killing off some plant and animal species while encouraging the overgrowth of oth ers. Towns and municipalities are also major sources of water pollution. In many public water systems, pollution exceeds safe levels. One reason for this is that much groundwater has been  contaminated by wastes pumped underground for disposal or by seepage from surface water. When contamination reaches underground water tables, it is difficult to correct and spreads over wide areas. Discharge of untreated or only partially treated sewage into the waterways threatens the health of their own and neighboring populations as well. Along with domestic wastes, sewage carries industrial contaminants and a growing tonnage of paper and plastic refuse. Although thorough sewage treatment would destroy most disease-causing bacteria, the problem of the spread of viruses and viral illness remains. Additionally, most sewage treatment does not remove phosphorus compounds, contributed principally by detergents. b. Dangers of Water Pollution – Virtually all water pollutants are hazardous to humans as well as lesser species; sodium is implicated in cardiovascular disease, nitrates in blood disorders. Mercury and lead can cause nervous disorders. Some contaminants are carcinogens. DDT is toxic to humans and can alter chromosomes. Along many shores, shellfish can no longer be taken because of contamination by DDT, sewage, or industrial wastes. c. Prevention and Control of Water Pollution – Sewage should be treated before it is discharged into the river or ocean. This is possible through modern techniques. Sewage is first passed through a grinding mechanism. This is then passed through several settling chambers and neutralized with lime. Up to this stage, the process is called primary treatment. The sewage still contains a large number of pathogenic and non-pathogenic or ganisms, and also sufficient quantity of organic matter. The neutralized effluents are sent to UASB (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket). It is a reactor. In this, the anaerobic bacteria degrade the biodegradable material present in the waste water. This removes foul odor and releases methane, which can be used elsewhere. In this system, the pollution load is reduced upto 85 percent. After this, water is sent to aeration tanks where it is mixed with air and bacteria. Bacteria digest the organic waste material. This is called biological or secondary treatment. Even after the treatment, water is not yet fit for drinking. The harmful microorganisms need to be killed. The final step (tertiary treatment) is, therefore, a disinfection process, to remove final traces of organics, bacteria, dissolved inorganic solids, etc. For tertiary treatment, methods, such as chlorination, evaporation, and exchange absorption may be employed. These depend upon the required quality  of the final treatment. Apart from the above, you should also adopt the following practices: (i) Waste food material, paper, decaying vegetables and plastics should not be thrown into open drains. (ii) Effluents from distilleries, and solid wastes containing organic matter should be sent to biogas plants for generation of energy. (iii) Oil slicks should be skimmed off from the surface with suction device. Sawdust may be spread over oil slicks to absorb the oil components. E. Soil erosion and its prevention: Soil erosion by water, wind and tillage affects both agriculture and the natural environment. Soil loss, and its associated impacts, is one of the most important (yet probably the least well-known) of today’s environmental problems. It is mostly due to poor land use practices, which include deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity and road or trail building. Soil is a complex mixture of living and non-living mater ials. It provides anchorage and sustenance to plants. Natural agents like water and wind, constantly tend to remove the top soil and cause erosion. Rain falling upon the unprotected top soil, washes it down into the streams. Due to the absence of plant covering, eroded soil cannot hold water. Water rushes into the rivers and overflows as flood. Dust storm also causes soil erosion. The particles of top soil are picked up in such quantities that they form clouds of dust. Human beings also cause soil erosion. The growing human habitation and expansion of urban areas lead to removal of vegetation. Once vegetation is removed, the naked soil gets exposed to wind and water. Improper tillage is another cause of soil erosion. Farmers often loosen the top soil for removing weeds and preparing seed beds. They also leave agricultural fields lying fallow for long time. These practices expose the top soil to the wind and cause erosion. Soil erosion is always a result of mankind’s unwise actions, such as overgrazing or unsuitable cultivation practices. These leave the land unprotected and vulnerable. Accelerated soil erosion by water or wind may affect both agricultural areas and the natural environment, and is one of the most widespread of today’s environmental problems. Soil erosion is just one form of soil degradation. Other kinds of soil degradation include salinisation, nutrient loss, and compaction. Prevention of soil erosion – Plants provide protective cover on the land and prevent soil erosion for the reasons: (a) plants slow down water as it flows over the land (runoff) and this allows  much of the rain to soak into the ground; (b) plant roots hold the soil in position and prevent it from being washed away; (c) plants break the impact of a raindrop before it hits the soil, thus reducing its ability to erode; (d) plants in wetlands and on the banks of rivers are of particular importance as they slow down the flow of the water and their roots bind the soil, thus preventing erosion. Preventing soil erosion requires technical changes to adopt. Aspects of technical changes include: (i) use of contour ploughing and wind breaks; (ii) leaving unploughed grass strips between ploughed land;  (iii) making sure that there are always plants growing on the soil, and that the soil is rich in humus (decaying plant and animal remains). This organic matter is the â€Å"glue† that binds the soil particles together and plays an important part in preventing erosion; (iv) avoiding overgrazing and the over-use of crop lands; (v) allowing indigenous plants to grow along the river banks instead of ploughing and planting crops right up to the water’s edge; (vi) encouraging biological diversity by planting several different types of plants together; (vii) conservation of wetlands. We can check soil erosion by adopting the following additional practices: 1. Intensive cropping and use of proper drainage canals. 2. Terracing on the sloping fields. This retards the speed of the flowing water. 3. Planting trees and sowing grasses. 4. Extensive aforestation practices to be carried out. [ For more refer Soil Erosion Combating is Essential ] F. Mitigation of Noise pollution: Reducing noise pollution by muffling the sounds at the source is one of the best methods in industry and for urban living. Protective equipment is generally mandatory when noise levels exceed 85 dB(A) in industry. Creation of green cover adjacent to municipal roads and in mines is the way to mitigate noise pollution. It has been observed that noise level reduces by 10 decibels per every 10m wide green belt development. Apart, redesigning industrial equipment, shock mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace are also for reduction and  exposure of unwanted industrial noise. High way noise pollution can be mitigated by constructing noise barriers. Artificial noise barriers are solid obstructions built between the highway and the residential areas along a highway. They block major portion of noise produced by passing vehicles on a highway. Effective noise barriers typically reduce noise levels by as much as half or more. The construction of noise barrier may be built in the form of earth mounds, vertical wall along the highways for creation of blockage of sound generated by heavy vehicles. Creation of greenbelt in the space between the residences and highways also reduces the noise nuisance. G. Conservation and protection of environment: By now, all of us have realized how important it is to protect the environment for our own survival. The term ‘conservation’ of environment relates to activities which can provide individual or commercial benefits, but at the same time, prevent excessive use leading to environmental damage. Conservation may be distinguished from preservation, which is considered to be â€Å"maintaining of nature as it is, or might have been before the intervention of either human beings or natural forces.† We know that natural resources are getting depleted and environmental problems are increasing. It is, therefore, necessary to conserve and protect our environment. Following practices help in protecting our environment. 1. Rotation of crops. 2. Judicious use of fertilisers, intensive cropping, proper drainage and irrigation. 3. Treatment of sewage, so that it does not pollute the rivers and other water bodies. 4. Composting organic solid waste for use as manure. 5. Planting trees in place of those removed for various purposes. 6. National parks and conservation forests should be established by the government. 7. Harvesting of rain water. Some action points to protect or improve the environment – (i) Dispose the waste after separating them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste material. (ii) Start a compost heap or use a compost bin. This can be used to recycle waste food and other biodegradable materials. (iii) Avoid unnecessary or wasteful packaging of products. (iv) Reuse carry bags. (v) Plant trees. They will help to absorb excess carbon dioxide. (vi) Observe World Environment Day on 5th June. (vii) Never put any left over chemicals, used oils down the drain, toilet or dump them on the ground or in water or burn them in the garden. If you do so, it will cause pollution. (viii) Don’t burn any waste, especially plastics, for the smoke may contain polluting gases. (ix) Use unleaded petrol and alternate sources of energy, and keep the engine properly tuned and serviced and the tyres inflated to the right pressure, so that vehicle runs efficiently. (x) Avoid fast starts and sudden braking of automobiles. (xi) Walk or cycle where it is safe to do so – walking is free; cycling can help to keep you fit. (xii) Use public transport wherever you can, or form a car pool for everyday travel. (xiii) Send your waste oil, old batteries and used tyres to a garage for recycling or safe disposal; all these can cause serious pollution. References: 1. http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/fundamentals-of-our-environment-and.html 2. http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/soil-erosion-and-its-prevention.html 3. http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/water-pollution-its-prevention-and.html 4. http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/fundamentals-of-prevention-and-control.html 5. http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/conservation-and-protection-of.html 6. http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/02/noise-barriers-are-to-mitigate-highway.html 7. http://knol.google.com/k/partha-das-sharma/fundamentals-of-our-environment/oml631csgjs7/18# 8. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2006/07/NL0607029I.htm 9. http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/water-pollution-by-industries-and-its.html

Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

The pressure of racial segregation was reaching a boiling point in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. After being arrested for his part in the Birmingham Campaign, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter in response to â€Å"A Call for Unity†, written by eight white clergymen from Birmingham. King's â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a true call for unity, as he clearly states and points out facts that the clergymen have omitted from their letter. King is clearly not looking to stoke the fire of segregation; he was merely looking to solve the situation at hand and trying to peacefully end racial segregation in the United States. A Call for Unity†, written in early April 1963 (Jonathan, 12-18). Discussion After years of segregation and inequality, one man stood up and fought for what was right. This man spoke of dreams and for what he felt as morally right, ethically right, lawfully right and emotionally right. This man spoke of freedom, brotherhood and equality among all people, no matter what race they were. He brought forth facts and emotions to America that was being felt by the black community, which was being treated so badly. This man was Martin Luther King Jr. a clergyman and civil rights leader, who later was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work. King opened the eyes of America to a broader sense of understanding, to a wider view of the inequality and hate that almost every black person had to live through at that time. After several peaceful protests King was arrested for demonstrating in defiance of a court order, by participating in a parade, he was then taken to Birmingham jail (Leff & Utley, 8-9). There in the jail, King wrote a letter to 8 fellow clergymen in response to a letter they published in a newspaper. King explained in the letter why he did the things he did, and why that had to be done the way that they were. King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham City Jail† was written on April 16, 1963. Eight Alabama clergyman wrote an open letter that questioned King’s methods and suggested that he use the court system as a means for change. King’s letter was a reply that was meant to respond to the clergymen and spread his beliefs (KaaVonia, 10-15). In his letter, he responds to some of his criticisms, such as his demonstrations, direct action, and his timing. He, then, explains his motives for acting, and why they were justified. Argument about â€Å"Justice and injustice† His attitude in the letter changes, at the beginning he is submissive to the clergy’s criticism; at the end he begins to criticize the clergy. This letter was symbolic of a movement, and all the injustices it faced. King uses rhetoric by manipulating language and appealing to the emotions of the reader. In Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"A Letter from Birmingham Jail† addresses eight white clergymen from Birmingham, Alabama, clearly states eight arguments. King uses epigrams as a device to make sure the reader still comprehends his message. In the beginning paragraphs, King states what brought him to Birmingham and why he is justified in being there. In his argument he alludes to Apostle Paul, and provides dull factual operational information about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Even if the reader does not know who Paul is or care about the SCLC, he can still understand King’s message because of the epigrams he uses (Baldwin & Burrow, 111-118). In summing up what brought him here King says, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere†. In answering why he is justified in being in Birmingham, King says, â€Å"Anyone who lives in the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in the country† (King, 122-128). Now the reader knows through the use of epigrams that King was brought there because there is injustice in Birmingham and that he has a right to be in Birmingham because he is an American and Birmingham is an American City. Blacks are going through a really tough time during this Negro revolution in 1963 and Dr. King accentuates the point by the use of strong diction, which set the tone of the letter. For example, Dr. King elucidates the reason his people can't wait for their rights and that's because â€Å"hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill† his â€Å"black brothers and sisters† and that basically most white people torment them any chance they get. In the letter written by the clergyman they say (like it was something new), that they were now facing demonstrations led by outsiders (King). Religious appeals in King’s latter King wants them to know that he is not really an outsider but the president of The Southern Christian Leadership Conference with an affiliation in Birmingham. He wants to point out that he not only has organizational ties but also was invited to participate in the direct action program in Birmingham in support of desegregation. In the course of the letter, King uses philosophical, religious and historical examples to get his points across. In order to gain control of the reader Martin Luther King Jr. includes vivid images of cruel acts that African Americans in Birmingham endured. Concerning this unsettling time in society King could have described many of the immoral and unjust acts that he encountered on a daily basis. Instead he portrayed these situations by asking rhetorical questions about women, children and loved ones bringing the hardships Negroes faced into the lives of men of all cultures. It does not matter if you are black, if you are white, if you are Asian, if you are Hispanic, or if you are a mixture of any race, through King's words you could imagine yourself in any of the situations he describes. With the ability to touch the reader on not only a personal level, but also an intimate one Martin Luther King Jr. began to bridge the gap between the races (Jessica, 222-225). King consistently brought up the point of morality. Pointing out that certain things are moral and other things aren't. For example King talked about having two different drinking fountains or having blacks sit at the back of the bus, saying that it just wasn't morally right. And that morally right would be to have unity and brotherhood among all people. King tries to show the difference between just and unjust laws, it is because of these two terms that we can â€Å"advocate breaking some laws, and obeying others† (King, 122-128). Segregation in his eyes is and unjust law because it â€Å"disturbs the soul and damages the personality† (King, 122-128). These are both qualifications of an unjust law. Society today is filled with unjust laws. In many schools females are still prohibited from joining a football team, because the school believes they do not have what it takes. By not allowing this person to join the team they are taking away a part of her personality, a piece of who she is and denying her to express it. King also discusses another perspective of just and unjust laws. He explains that an unjust law is made up by a majority of people whom force a minority to follow this law; however the law is not â€Å"binding† on themselves. A just law is one that a majority makes and is also willing to follow themselves. Thus showing that is the only fair law is one that affects all citizens in an equally just way. King states how the Apostle Paul carried the gospel of Jesus Christ over the land, and thus compares himself to him. One way King addresses the eight clergymen and justifies his presence in Birmingham is by comparing himself to the Apostle Paul. He is trying to take the gospel of freedom over the land of America. This idea relates to peoples emotion because most people are religious and believe in God and Jesus Christ. By Comparing himself to the Apostle Paul strikes deep emotion in most people, and almost saying that he is trying to do the work of God by trying to achieve true freedom, this analogy is a great example of pathos and King's use of these appeals to the emotion through examples and figurative language (Carson, Holloran, Luker, Russell & King, 10-15). King uses pathos not just from the Bible but also by evolving ideas from World War II: â€Å"We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was â€Å"legal† and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was â€Å"illegal†. It was â€Å"illegal† to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. Even so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at the time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist country where certain principles dear to the Christian faith are suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that country's antireligious laws† (King, 122-128). Here King refers to all the horrible laws that Hitler created in Germany before World War II. He cites how, â€Å"It was illegal† to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. He is using this example to compare Germany's laws against Jews to â€Å"separate but equal† law of the time against black people (Jessica, 222-225). Creating ethos is a way for a writer to gain the trust of the reader. It can be used to show the effectiveness of one's writing the writer's credibility. King illustrates this quality of ethos when he explains his professional titles: â€Å"I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational, and financial resources with our affiliates† (King, 122-128). Here King shows his credibility by citing what his organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which is in every southern state, does (Baldwin & Burrow, 111-118). Furthermore, Martin Luther King explains to the clergymen in the letter that they have been misinformed on the situation and that not all is alright. King quotes the clergymen’s original letter which commended the Birmingham police for their great efforts in keeping order and preventing violence, King is quick to correct them that they would have not commended the police force if they viewed the gruesome violence which occurred that day firsthand. King concludes the paragraph with. â€Å"I cannot join you in your praise of the Birmingham police department† (King, 122-128). This statement comes off as a very bold statement to the clergymen after reading the details of the violence previously. Paragraph fourteen of King’s latter In paragraph fourteen he uses emotional reference when he says â€Å"when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim† (King, 122-128), he doesn't call them Negro, so that the audience could relate to them. He wants them to know how a black man feels always feeling like nobody and being afraid. In the next nine paragraphs he describes in detail the difference between a just law and an unjust law. This time he uses religious leaders such as St Augustine, St Thomas Aquinas, Martin Buber and Paul Tillich as examples to get his idea across. He says that â€Å"a just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God† (King, 122-128). In paragraph 23, he begins to criticize the white moderates â€Å"People who say they agree with segregation but do not want the Negro people to demonstrate because they don t want their lives disrupted† (King, 122-128). King says that these people are worst than the Ku Klux Klan and other people of ill will, because of their shallow understanding (King & King, 45-48). Lastly, King provides a very good insight for the uninformed in his letter from jail. King states that he wished that the clergymen had actually realized who the real heroes were that day. King had received a letter from a white man from Texas saying that he will reach his equal rights eventually but that maybe he is in too much of a religious hurry. King states that time are not the cure to all maladies, and that his people must use their time more effectively than the people of ill will. King seems to have a perfect response to all arguments thrown at him, but none appear to be flawed of course. There was no other way for the black community to get their point across because they were not being listened. There is no point in this letter where King incites violence, if anything he completely against it and will stop at nothing to ensure that there is no more violence (Leff & Utley, 8-9). Letter from Birmingham Jail† is one of the most touching pieces of writing. All of Kings Arguments are effective, particularly in paragraph fourteen. This letter at times can be hard to read because King gives real life examples of what it is actually like to be black and living in the 60s south. This letter sparks a realization, which people have never recognized before reading this, this latter showing the terrible and disgraceful treatment of the black community. Conclusion â€Å"A Letter from Birmingham Jail† was an opportunity for Martin Luther King Jr. o express to the public his views and the views of other African Americans throughout the South. The effects of King's experiences depicted by his use of language resulted in radical changes for African Americans throughout the nation. It was a bigger victory to sway the Alabama clergymen than to change the mind of a stubborn group of white males, because it proved that the typical southern white male is equal in every way shape and form to that of an African American. Martin Luther King Jr. Once said, â€Å"I have a dream† and dream he did.

Math Driving Map Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math Driving Map - Essay Example a. Interstate 25 to Cheyenne, WY Road distance in miles (from the map) = 549 Driving time = = = 9.98 hours b. Interstate 80 to Rock Springs Road distance in miles (from the map) = 158 Driving time = = = 2.87 hours Total driving time from Albuquerque to Rock Springs = 9.98 + 2.87 =12.85 = 13 hours (to the nearest half hour). Answer 2. A brief description of the process used to construct the problem: The average aircraft groundspeeds for the two stages of travel are provided with the help of atlas and road maps. Since the students are required to find the travel time, they have to use an atlas or road map, which can give the air travel distance as the straight line distance between the required points. Problem Statement : Given: You travel by air from Memphis, TN, to Las Vegas, NV, with stops in Oklahoma City, OK, and El Paso, TX, en route. Average aircraft groundspeed is 380 km/hour from Memphis to Oklahoma City and 310 km/hour from Oklahoma City to Las Vegas. What would be your total travel time (to the nearest half hour)? Steps: 1. Find the air travel distance between the points from the map. This can be done by measuring the distance between the points in the map and multiplying this distance with the scale of the map. 2. To get the Travel Time, divide the distance by the aircraft groundspeed. Travel by air from Memphis, TN, to Las Vegas, NV, with stops in Oklahoma City, OK, and El Paso, TX, en route. Air travel distance from Memphis to Oklahoma City = 756.39 km

Advertising and promoting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Advertising and promoting - Essay Example Brochures provides for a lot of information to be passed by, they are easy to fold and pass around. Many can be created at the same time and provide for large coverage without being bulky. Direct mailing gives promotion a sense of personal touch. Mail can also be customized for different people accordingly so as to meet their needs and motivate them. Newsletters provide for all useful organizational information to be communicated fully, Newspapers and newsletters also provide a great coverage of people. Posters and bulletins as well provide means to reach to the consumers. However they are often not paid attention and are effective when you place them strategically where the customers are likely to see them and notice them. Posters should also be kept neat and made attractive to be noticed. Social networks that involve discussion groups are effective methods of promoting products and advertising them. The social network is cheap to operate with and very fast media. It would involve s ites like Facebook and personal of company blogs and websites. Television can be quite expensive, it is however very effective medium as it reaches a very extensive population and gets popular with time. Radio on the other hand is also effective as a tool of advertisement it reaches a good population. Even so, it is hard to put down the visual content of an ad on radio and therefore it is useful as a first source of communication before consumers have to get on to the actual written form. This reduces on the effectiveness of the radio medium. All in all they are much cheaper compared to television ads. To pull through with an advertisement on an environmental friendly car it is important to consider a combination of certain forms of media which would include brochures and the radio media. It is important to obtain good representation of the car on the paper and provide with all the relevant information about it the brochures are effective since more information and actual drawings o f the car can be availed. The next step is to find a good distribution plan that could involve supermarkets and firms offering those brochures. To promote a new brand of Ferrari would require a technique of advertisement that would reach a certain population of car lovers. Television ads are useful for a certain period since car brands are majorly an interest to the general public. The companies’ newsletter provides useful information that is normally updated on a regular basis. Television adverts are useful as well in letting the public on new models since companies like Ferrari are already at a high point in the industry and the main aim is to maintain an image than create one. The company could use a mix of most of the media techniques. It could also incorporate web pages and the actual Ferrari website. The internet advertisements not only aloe for the public to view the models available but also purchase them. The website is especially useful since it allows for a global platform and market. The companies promote themselves by allowing for buyers overseas to order and do transactions online and by delivering the products as per the agreements. This way the companies gain loyalty and trust from other countries. The government is also supportive of exportation transactions since it gains from it by taxation during foreign exchange. The image of companies like Fe

Caux Round Table Principles for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Caux Round Table Principles for Business - Essay Example The researcher states that the general business’s objective is to keep prices low as to give the highest quality services to the customers. In consideration, the business uses its resources effectively and prudently to benefit the business and the community in a whole that rank with a score of 5. It conducts its business with faithfulness and keeps its promises to the stakeholders and its level of adherence amounts to 4 by 3 that equals 12. Lastly, it creates value for its stakeholders as it adheres to domestic and international laws amounting to a score of 3 each in three categories that amounts to 9. The total amount of the score on the general principles equals to 26. The company seeks to improve customer satisfaction daily both on goods and services offered. They treat customers with respect, which is an added advantage of maintaining potential clients while converting the first time clients to frequent ones. Whenever possible, they communicate with our clients on the need s to be met urgently and what could wait for fairly that amounts to a score of 3 and 3 in providing quality that enhances customer requirements. This ensures that our clients’ needs are attended to and consequently boost their satisfaction towards our services. Using the Paine checklist, our score is outstanding ranking at score 4 as they offer quality that meets customer requirements. Still, the score aims at minimizing adverse safety and health impacts and communicate them to clients when appropriate. The total score amounts to 14. As mentioned, the company is a family owned business owned by the author’s father at present. At the present, they have no investors but they hope to have them in the future. Although the score ranks the least, they hope to score the highest score as per Caux roundtable checklist. The table checklist interprets the score as the least with a score of 1 as it does not respect investor’s input to the business.

A Marketing Plan for the Cadbury Chocolate Company Case Study

A Marketing Plan for the Cadbury Chocolate Company - Case Study Example under this, the management ensures that, before the product is promoted into the market, the characteristics of the products should be well defined to meet the needs of the consumers, the packaging of the products should be attractive to entice the customers to buy the product, the quality of the product should be perfect, that is it should have the quality that matches with the prescription of the product in the market so that it can maintain our consumers. Under this, we see that Cadbury uses its business intelligence to change the market position of its products by shifting product sizes, package designs keeping in mind the changes of its customer's tastes for this reason most of the Cadburys products, are made from real chocolate in which the ingredients include; cocoa butter and a glass and a half of cream dairy milk in every 200 grams of Cadbury dairy milk chocolate. This is used to show the good quality of Cadburys products which makes it a good factor in influencing the consu mers to buy the products. Marketing is also known to be a core leader into a successful business therefore; one should have more than a good idea of producing a nice product. So before launching a product in the market, one should be able to identify his markets and carry out research, to find out if consumers share the same desire to invest in the production. Here, Cadbury uses wholesalers and retailers to collect information about its consumers behaviors that is possible to affect its manufacturing and distribution goals, the company gets information from the warehouse, through which they make decisions to deliver the precise quantity of brand new products to retailers when in need. Cadbury uses data warehouse to calculate the impact of its trade expenditure activities. Therefore, the research methods should depend on the size and scope of the business. This may be done by examining ones own behavior, with that of the other companies, spend time in stores that promote cooking products and do some reading o n magazines, books and literature focusing on various chocolate products manufacturing. One should be encouraged to talk and listen to the potential consumers, thus enabling one to know the issues that will be faced and the encounters he will face while carrying out the business. One is also advised to hire researchers who will help him define and understand the market, if the product he intends to start is larger. The other factor that one should look into before making a decision on a particular market segmentation or what is referred to as the environments, these factors include; geographical factors, location, gender and also age of the consumers of the products, this is basically used to give the products a marketing opportunity. 2 The competitors will not be able to have the same opinions like the company's, since marketing opportunities increase when customer groups with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be segmented or targeted on a variety of factors including age, gender, location, geographic factors, demographic characteristics, and family life cycle, desire for relaxation or time pressures. Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business and large enough to provide a solid customer base. Therefore, a business must analyze the needs and wants of different market

International business term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International business term paper - Essay Example Since, the use of cosmetic products is very common in the market of China; therefore, Ajmal International can enter into this market with the aim of expanding and growing its business in other ancillary areas of the consumer goods industry. Also, the company can enter into the business of herbal cosmetics products in Turkey because the consumers in Turkey show a high preference towards the use of natural and herbal skin care products and make up products (Root 401). Ajmal international is a well equipped business in the GCC as viewed from the perspective of resources and capabilities. The financial profitability of the company and the market penetration capabilities of the business can be identified as key resources for the business that it can use in its international business expansion (Slywotzky and Hoban 441). As per the Resource Based View (RBV) of a company, the basic determinants of the success of a company in a new market are its international market entry strategies and the availability of firm specific resources, assets and capabilities. The VRIO analysis of the company, Ajmal International can be done to evaluate the resources and capabilities of the company which it can use in the international expansion process (Elmuti and Kathawala 78-80). It can be identified that Ajmal International has specific physical and human resources that it can use for setting up a successful business in the cosmetics market of China. The organizational resources of the company, especially the efficient sales force of the team can be used as an important asset for creating valuable strategies in the international business of the company. The skills related to the use of open innovation techniques in the company are found to be useful resources that can be used by the cosmetics company to create competi tive advantage in the Chinese consumer goods market. The resources of Ajmal

Telephone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Telephone - Essay Example Today, many people benefit from the said device, making communication easier especially for families who need to be away from each other. The invention of the telephone made correspondences a lot easier because people from far distances are able to speak with each other. They can connect in a matter of seconds. Moreover, since telephone conversations are paid, they can last for a short period of time which is an advantage to busy people. However, correspondents can misunderstand or misinterpret what are being said because they cannot see the facial expressions of the person on the other end. They rely on the words being uttered as well as the tone and volume of the voice to further understand the spoken languages therefore there can be strains that occur between callers based from the factors mentioned earlier. In addition, assuming that one has the full attention of the person on the other end can also lead to misunderstandings. Moreover, calls can be made at inconvenient moments without the caller realizing it. This makes the process more difficult especially when the person being called is busy or has other more pr essing matters to attend to that a call needs to be immaturely ended

Proposal for Academic Achievement and Parental Involvement Essay

Proposal for Academic Achievement and Parental Involvement - Essay Example They must communicate with their children to develop an understanding with then so that they share with them all problems that they might be facing in their education. Working parents also need to stay regularly in touch with their children’s teachers so as to get informed about their progress. They should be a great help for their children, both morally and physically. Epstein (2001) asserts that working parents or those who live far away or fathers are â€Å"less involved† in child’s educations â€Å"unless the school organizes opportunities†¦in various times and in various places† (p. 407). This proves that as compared to house wives, working mothers and, especially, fathers are often non considerate toward their children’s educational achievement because they do not have enough time to spend with them. Thus, there is a great need to address the issue of working parents and their involvement in their children’s academic lives, so that the latter are able to show better achievements in their education. Alternatives Epstein (2001) suggests that â€Å"caring communities can be built intentionally† that allows working parents to participate actively in their children’s educational activities (p. 408). ... Another important alternative is that teachers should make it compulsory for children to have their homework reviewed and signed by their parents daily or every two days so that the parents are kept involved. School events must be scheduled â€Å"at different times of the day† (Brown, 2000) to make it convenient for the working parents to attend these events. Working parents can make their homes a good learning environment by conversing with their children over dinner; taking them out on educational trips on weekends; and, providing them educational activities on computers. Epstein (2001) provided types of parental involvement all of which should be practiced by all parents including working parents. He says that parents should be made to attend special training classes so that they learn how to establish a learning environment at home. Parent-teacher communication through notices, conferences, language translators (in case of language gaps), phone calls, newsletters, and memo s, is very useful. Volunteer programs for parents should be arranged so that parents are encouraged to provide their help and support to the teachers. Teachers can also visit working parents at their homes to make them aware of their children’s progress. Proposed Solution Since too much lies in the hands of school authorities to make efforts to achieve collaborative partnership with the parents, the most feasible and workable plan to involve working parents in their children’s academic life is to arrange parent-teacher meetings at weekends or in the evenings of weekdays. The process should involve notifying the parents a week before the meeting is to be held, and discussing with them over the phone or through written form of

Explain the impact of relevant legislations Essay Example for Free

Explain the impact of relevant legislations Essay In this task I will explain the impact of relevant legislations / regulations on two types of employment contract of the company New Forrest logistics as well as analyse the impact of the legislation of the two contracts of the company. Contract 1 The key contrasting differences between the two contracts in question is that contract 1 the job title is for a secretary. Its hours of work are stated as 16 hours a week. Which means that it is part time temporary employment? While a member of time is on maternity leave. The employ will be required to be flexible with regard to the hours as he and she will work in accordance to the employers needs. The employee will be paid on an hourly basis. Being a temporary position, no pension scheme will be available to the employee. The employee will be required to complete a monthly signed timesheet as a record of the employees work schedule. No payments will be made for any unused holiday. In case of sickness for more than 3 days, in order to be entitled to statutory sick pay, the employee will need to provide a sick note, further if the employee wishes to leave before the end date he or she will need to provide a weeks’ notice. The employer two will provide the employee with one weeks’ notice of termination before the end date given in the contract, or else he has offered his/her basic salary in lieu of notice. However no notice will be provided to the employee in case of dismissal. With regard to disciplinary procedures, in case of serious problems, the employee will either be given verbal warning which will be recorded in his or her personal file (for a period of normally 6 months) or a first written warning will be given which will also be recorded in your personal file. This could then if need arose be followed by a final warning which would also be recorded in your personal file. Contract 2 The key points in contract 2 which differ from contract 1 are the job title which is that of a Personal assistant to the Managing directors. It in contrast to contract 1, it is fulltime appointment with the hours of work being 35 hours a week. The employee will be paid a salary which will be subject to revision from time to time. This job title also includes a probationary period of 3 months from the start date. As regards time keeping, it differs in that there is no need to sign in and the employee is required to have a responsible attitude towards keeping time. In contract 2 unlike contract 1, the employee is entitled to full annual holiday entitlement of 28 days exclusive of bank holidays. With regard to sickness, in contract 2 the employee will be entitled to a contractual pay for the first 6 months of any period of sickness. However the employee will need to complete a self certification form if ill for 7 days or less. If sick or 8 days or more than a medical certificate needs to obtained from the doctor. The employee in contract 2 is entitled to maternity or paternity leave. The employee will also be entitled to participate in any pension scheme operated by the company. The retirement age is stated to be 65 years. With regard to confidential information the key difference is that employee is not authorised to disclose any confidential information related to companies business affairs irrespective whether he resigns or is dismissed. Regarding Notice, the employee is entitled to one weeks’ notice after 4 week of employment. A copy of the companies’ grievance procedure is contained in the staff handbook and even the companies disciplinary and dismissal procedures are also contained within the staff handbook. The employee is required to take steps as are reasonably practicable to ensure the health and safety of him/her and others affected by his or her work. The employee also needs to have knowledge of fire regulations and necessary precautions. The organisation is an equal opportunity employer, thus no employee can be discriminated against on any grounds. Wage salary Contract 1: The wages for the Jobsite will be  £9.50 an hour before national insurance contributions and tax deductions. Contract 2: the employee’s salary is  £26,000 as stated in the appointment letter. This will be subject to revision from time to time. The employee will be paid monthly. According to law the main wage rate is  £6.19. Therefore it is essential for new Forrest logistics to have knowledge and awareness of different pay rates and confirm to them. Now I shall analyse the impact of the national minimum wages act 1998 on the 2 employment contracts of the company New Forrest logistics. This act is an important piece of legislation that the company is advised to follow very closely. This act sets the minimum wage levels an employee is entitled to per hour in accordance with the age group the employee falls under. The current wage of those falling under the group of 21 and above is  £6.08 and that falling under the group of 18 to 20 is equal  £4.98. This legislation will obviously have an impact on both the contracts of employment drawn by New Forrest logistics as they will have to state in the contract what wages they will pay the concerned employees. Thus they will need to ensure that they abide by the act and pay the employees the correct wages in accordance with the age group. If they violate the legislation, they will be liable legal action. Grievance procedure Contract 1: The employee will be required to comply with the grievance procedures which will be detailed in the staff hand book. Contract 2: it is stated in the contract that the employees are expected to comply with the companies’ grievance procedures, a copy of which is contained the staff handbook. The law states that if the employee is not satisfied with the decision, he or she has a right of appeal. Thus NFL needs to be aware of this in case it runs into problems. More over it is also necessary that all employees are thorough knowledge of the grievance procedure. The grievance procedure is another legislation that will impact both of these contracts. The main impact that it will have on the both the contracts is that by law the organisation will be bound to give a clear detailed grievance procedures to the employees through the staff handbook and staff intranet. Furthermore the employer will also need to be aware that if the employee is not satisfied with the decision he or she has the right to appeal and if correct remedial action is still not taken, he or she can refer the case to an employment tribunal. This legislation ensures that all procedures including appeals against grievance decision or appeals against a disciplinary or dismissal decision are clearly detailed in the staff handbook. Both the contacts abide and comply with the legislation. Holiday entitlement Contract 1: it is clearly stated in the contract that the holiday year is from 1st January to 31 December. It is also stated that payments will not be made for any unused holiday. It is further stated that any holidays must be agreed with the employer at least four weeks in advance and lastly should the employee exceed his or her holiday entitlement, it will be deducted from the final pay packet. Contract 2: also states that the holiday year runs from first January to 31 December. The employees’ full annual entitlement of 28 days exclusive of bank holidays is also clearly stated therein. It also states that all holidays must be in agreement with the company and lastly except in exceptional circumstances no more than two weeks holiday entitlement maybe taken at any one time. Health and safety Contract 1: there is no mention of health and safety in the contract. Contract 2: employees are reminded that they are responsible for observing and complying with all health and safety rules and to work at promoting health and safety at work not only for themselves but also for their fellow employees. NFL is duty bound to ensure that they comply with all health and safety rules within the workplace and to place total importance on the health and safety and the welfare of employees at work. NFL also needs to follow the health and safety act at work 1974. If NFL does not do so appropriately then they are able liable to criminal prosecution. Therefore NFL needs to put all procedures and policies in place in order to ensure that employees follow them carefully and remain safe. Maternity and paternity Contract 1: There is no mention of Maternity or Paternity in this contract. Contract 2: this contract states that an employee who is pregnant has the right to the time off with pay. The right to Paternity is set out in the Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulation 2002. The right applies to those individuals who share a sufficiently close relationship to the child or its mother. The law states that if an employee is pregnant or adopting a child she could be entitled to 56 days leave and her partner could be entitled to 2 weeks paternity leave. NFL will need to comply with this legislation. The impact of this law will be that if a man /women take this leave, they are legally entitled to their previous job role upon their return failing which she or he can appeal against the unfair dismissal in accordance with the unfair dismissal act. Confidentiality Contract 1: Information relating to the employer, the employer’s family and the employers domestic or personal circumstances is strictly confidential Contract 2: You must not disclose any confidential information relating to the business affairs of the company during your period of employment or even after you have either resigned or been dismissed. The Data Protection Act 1998 states and controls how you use the information of others with regard to businesses or the government. NFL too needs to abide by this act and to inform employees of their responsibilities in this regard. The impact of the law for this legislation for NFL is that they must ensure that all information is kept strictly confidential. Disciplinary Procedure Contract 1: Minor problems will be dealt with and resolved informally. In case of serious problems, first a verbal warning will be given and then it could be followed by a first written warning and if need still arose then a final warning could be issued after which further misconduct could lead to dismissal. Contract 2: disciplinary procedure can be found in the staff handbook, you do have the right to appeal against a disciplinary or dismissal decision, the procedure for which is detailed in the disciplinary and dismissal procedures. The impact of this legislation is that NFL needs to make sure in case of dismissal of an employee that all disciplinary and dismissal procedures have been duly observed and complied with. Termination of contract Contract 1: you will be provided with one weeks’ notice of termination before the end date given in this contract. You are required to give the employers one week’s notice should you wish to terminate your employment before the end date. Contract 2: the company will give a minimum of one day notice of termination for up to four weeks service. After 4 weeks employment you are entitled to receive one weeks’ notice increasing to two weeks after 2 years continuous service. There after you will be entitled to receive a further week’s notice for each additional year’s service up to a maximum of 12 weeks after the 12 or more year’s service. Should the employee leave, then he or she is required to give the company one months notice. The law states that termination rights are dependent on individual contracts. So NFL need to be aware of different offers stated in contracts. The impact of this is that NFL cannot dismiss an employee unfairly. Sick leave Contract 1: the employee will be required to inform the employer at the earliest of any sick leave. The employee will be entitled to statutory sick pay on production of an employee’s statement of sickness form for sick leave of more than 3 days. Contract 2: the employee is entitled to his or her contractual pay for the first 6 months of any period of sickness. The law states that you are entitled to sick pay depending on your contract of employment. This will vary from job to job. However any business cannot offer you less than you are entitled to through your statutory sick pay. NFL need to take into consideration the law on sick pay and keeping abide by it , keeping in mind the individual contracts.

Human Services for Child Welfare

Human Services for Child Welfare Human Services/Child Welfare/Child Abuse/Neglect Loretta McKelvey Abstract Human Services has several departments which are doing different functions. One department that has become a needed department would be child welfare. The following will help explain why it is needed. It will also be talking about the Human Services history and systems. Human Services has several department which are doing different things. One department that has become a needed department would be child welfare. The following will help explain why it is needed. Child welfare has been more involved with today’s society because of child abuse/child neglect is going on and being heard of more today than it was in the past of Human Services fields. Human services has evolved into a network of programs and agencies that provide an array of services to millions of Americans (Burger, 2014, p. 2). Primary social supports such as family, and friends, also play role in meeting human needs, and that role will be examined (Burger, 2014, p. 2). Early approaches to human services were cen tered on the hazards of illness, disability, and economic dependence. Programs were designed to help people who were unable to take care of their own needs. It was recognized that people with little or no income increasingly complex industrial societies were at risk of starvation or serious distress (Burger, 2014, p. 7). Human service background Colonial American times, it had been a commonly held belief that individuals should assist others in need by providing appropriate care and services. Early settlers from European countries to the American colonies believed caring for others to be a personal responsibility rather than a public duty the practice of charity has been a part of life since the first settlers. The laws and traditions prominent in England at the time were often adopted in early American communities (Norris-Tirrell, 2014).The statute sanctioned use of private monies for the benefit of the public good. Early American colonists incorporated these values as they shaped the roles of government, business and community (Norris-Tirrell, 2014). According to Norris-Tirrell â€Å"the population of the United States expanded, human service needs increased and changed role expectations for nonprofits. The impacts of disease, war, economic swings, and natural disasters were fertile ground for the creation of organizations such as the Ladies Aid Societies and the American Red Cross â€Å"(Norris-Tirrell, 2014). During the era of industrialization that followed the Civil War, voluntary organizations served many different functions including teaching vocation skills and advocating for reform (Norris-Tirrell, 2014). The latter resulted in the establishment of child labor laws and the creation of a juvenile justice system (Shields Rangarajan, 2011). In the late 1880s, Americans including Jane Addams advanced the settlement house model as a strategy for addressing urban poverty. This new movement embraced the progressive philosophy of the time emphasizing the importance of social science knowledge, compassion and expertise in creat ing solutions to social problems (Hall, 2010). After the American Revolution, the United States adopted laws based on the British Elizabethan â€Å"poor laws† to help people who could not economically provide for themselves (Van Slyke, 2002). Benjamin Franklin founded the first hospital for the care of persons with mental illness and devised a model of care that was practiced in hospital settings at the time (Van Slyke, 2002). Through the cooperative effort of community members, policy makers, and professionals from the medical field, this new model of care that arose during the â€Å"Moral Movement† was conceptually grounded in the belief that it was the responsibility of the general public to care for those in need (Van Slyke, 2002). The underpinnings of the Moral Movement therefore provided the framework for the establishment of the first mental health movement in America (Van Slyke, 2002). The Kennedy and Johnson Administrations followed with additional policies favorable for contracting out including The Public Assistance Amendments of 1962 and 1967 and The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (Van Slyke, 2002). Human services were prime candidates for privatization since existing nonprofit agencies held the necessary content expertise, thus â€Å"building on historical precedent to remove government from providing services that nongovernmental organizations already or can potentially provide† (Van Slyke, 2007, p. 159,) One agency of Department of Human Services is the Child welfare office that handles and deals with family and the charge of child abuse or neglect. The following will be discussing about Child Welfare and child abuse /neglect. Child welfare In the late 1930s, the network of child welfare professionals located in private agencies, public departments, advocacy organizations, and the U.S. Children’s Bureau, had grown optimistic that federal New Deal programs— such as Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), survivor’s insurance, and unemployment insurance—would eliminate (or at least sharply reduce) the role poverty played in separating children (like those of Morris, Collins, and Lane) from their families. Although these professionals did not always speak with one voice on all matters, they developed a general consensus around a number of issues (Rymph, 2012). Child welfare reformers believed that the 1935 Social Security Act would be a godsend for children in general, keeping families together and enabling more children to be raised in their own homes by their own parents (Rymph, 2012). With child welfare formed they started to see cases of child abuse. The following will discuss what is child abuse a nd child neglect and how the human services has and need to handle these clients. Child abuse Every child deserves a loving environment where they are not afraid of parental or elderly figures (Kiran, 2011). In recent years, the community has become increasingly aware of the problem of child abuse in our society (Kiran, 2011). Child abuse is prevalent in every segment of the society and is witnessed in all social, ethnic, religious and professional strata (Kiran, 2011). Human Services has several department which are doing different things. One department that has become a needed department would be child welfare. The following will help explain why it is needed. It will also be talking about the Human Services history and systems. One will work with children and families in need, many times they will deal with children that living in poor conditions, such as abuse, neglect, alcoholism, drug addiction, and poverty (Strolin-Goltzman, Kollar, Trinkle, 2010). Childhood should be a happy time, filled with memories of warmth, love, and carefree times (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015).Unfortunately, not every child is blessed with loving parents and stable home lives (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). Some children are forced to cope with upheaval and problems at home, such as abuse, neglect, alcoholism, drug addiction, and poverty (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015).Even in the United States, one of the most advanced countries in the world, some children still want for even the most basic of necessities, including food, shelter, health care, and appropriate clothing (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). Children who grow up in happy homes where all of their needs are met, typically grow u p to become happy, stable, and well-adjusted adults (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). On the other hand, those that grow up surrounded by unpleasant and dangerous situations often grow up suffering from mental and emotional unrest (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). They are plagued by the memories and images from their childhood, and some may even repeat the behavior that they witnessed, thinking that it’s normal (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). For example, studies show that children that grow up with abuse either go on to become abusers themselves or find themselves trapped in abusive relationships (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). Child Neglect Abuse and neglect, however, are major concerns for most child welfare social workers (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015).The signs of both neglect and abuse can be very subtle at times and difficult to spot to the untrained eye (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). As a child welfare social worker, you will be trained to recognize signs of neglect and abuse in children and investigate. Below are a few examples of identifying signs of neglect and different types of abuse (Child Welfare Social Work Careers, 2015). Human service today Todays United States economy did not stand out until the 1970’s, nonprofit organization today offering a complex set of programs (Noris-Tirrel, 2014). Domestic violence shelters, job training and employment programs, child care centers, foster care, child protection these are a list of human services today provided by nonprofit organizations (Norris-Tirrel, 2014), Nonprofit organizations have been known to partnering with government, private business and communities in the delivery of human services (Norris-Tirrel, 2014). Conclusion Human Services has several department which are doing different things. One department that has become a needed department would be child welfare. The following will help explain why it is needed. It will also be talking about the Human Services history and systems. Human Services has several department which are doing different things. One department that has become a needed department would be child welfare. The following will help explain why it is needed. Child welfare has been more involved with today’s society because of child abuse/child neglect is going on and being heard of more today than it was in the past of Human Services fields. Human services has evolved into a network of programs and agencies that provide an array of services to millions of Americans (Burger, 2014, p. 2). Primary social supports such as family, and friends, also play role in meeting human needs, and that role will be examined (Burger, 2014, p. 2). Early approaches to human services were centere d on the hazards of illness, disability, and economic dependence. Programs were designed to help people who were unable to take care of their own needs. It was recognized that people with little or no income increasingly complex industrial societies were at risk of starvation or serious distress (Burger, 2014, p. 7). Human services are organized activities that help people in the areas of health care; mental health, including care for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities and the physically handicapped; social welfare; child care; criminal justice; housing; recreation; and education (Burger, 2014, p. 8). References Child Welfare Social Work Careers CareersInPsychology.org careersinpsychology.org/become-a-child-welfare-social-worker. What is child welfare social work? Childhood should be a happy time, filled with memories of warmth, love, and carefree times. Unfortunately, not every child is. Retrieved March 31, 2015 from http://www.bing.com/search?q=Child+Welfare+Social+Work+Careersqs=nform=QBLHpq=child+welfare+social+work+careerssc=0sp=1sk=cvid=d973557eab4640eb800fdf1ed3b9ee. Daulaire, N. (2012). The global health strategy of the department of health and human services: Building on the lessons of PEPFAR. Health Affairs, 31(7), 1573-7. Retrieved May 25, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1027881787?accountid=39364.. Kiran, K. (2011). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 29, 79-82. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.90749. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com.proxycampuslibrary.rockies.edu/docview/915645247/62DE496DBE934DB3PQ/13?accountid=39364. Mathews, B. (2014). Mandatory reporting laws and identification of child abuse and neglect: Consideration of differential maltreatment types, and a cross-jurisdictional analysis of child sexual abuse reports. Social Sciences, 3(3), 460-482. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci3030460. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com.proxycampuslibrary.rockies.edu/docview/1615927520/62DE496DBE934DB. Mumpower, J. L. (2010). DISPROPORTIONALITY AT THE FRONT END OF THE CHILD WELFARE SERVICES SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS OF RATES OF REFERRALS, HITS, MISSES, AND FALSE ALARMS. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 33(3), 364-405. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/818931256?accountid=39364.3PQ/38?accountid=39364. Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349. Retrieved May 18, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com.proxycampuslibrary.rockies.edu/docview/1288095836/9B8C184D898A41CEPQ/9?accountid=39364. Norris-Tirrell, D. (2014). THE CHANGING ROLE OF PRIVATE, NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY OF HUMAN SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 37(3), 304-326. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1644728239?accountid=39364. Norris-Tirrell, D. (2010). INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM: NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS AS KEY PARTNERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT, DELIVERY AND EVALUATION OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 32(4), 374-9. Retrieved May 25, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/366286120?accountid=39364. Palinkas, L. A., Holloway, I. W., Rice, E., Fuentes, D., Wu, Q., Chamberlain, P. (2011). Social networks and implementation of evidence-based practices in public youth-serving systems: A mixed-methods study. Implementation Science, 6, 113. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-113. Retrieved May 25, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com.proxycampuslibrary.rockies.edu/docview/903976276/EFBF9FC159E247D5PQ/3?accountid=39364. Polinsky, M. L., Pion-Berlin, L., Williams, S., Long, T., Wolf, A. M. (2010). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A national evaluation of parent’s anonymous groups. Child Welfare, 89(6), 43-62. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/865923677?accountid=39364. Raman, S., Maiese, M., Hurley, K., Greenfield, D. (2014). Addressing the clinical burden of child physical abuse and neglect in a large metropolitan region: Improving the evidence-base. Social Sciences, 3(4), 771-784. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci3040771. Retrieved May 18, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com.proxycampuslibrary.rockies.edu/docview/1645151563/9B8C184D898A41CEPQ/40?accountid=39364. Rymph, C. E. (2012). From â€Å"Economic Want† to â€Å"Family Pathology†: Foster Family Care, the New Deal, and the Emergence of a Public Child Welfare System. Journal of Policy History, 24(1), 7-25. DOI: 10.1017/S0898030611000352. Retrieved June 1, 2015 from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-campuslibrary.rockies.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=19hid=101. Saini, M. A., Black, T., Fallon, B., Marshall, A. (2013). Child custody disputes within the context of child protection investigations: Secondary analysis of the Canadian incident study of reported child abuse and neglect. Child Welfare, 92(1), 115-37. Retrieved May 12, 2015 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1509394874?accountid=39364. Strolin-Goltzman, J., Kollar, S., Trinkle, J. (2010). Listening to the voices of children in foster care: youths speak out about child welfare workforce turnover and selection. Social Work, 55(1), 47-53.Retrieved March 31, 2015 from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxycampuslibrary.rockies.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4[emailprotected]hid=109bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVybCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=aphAN=47234130.

Sea-Cucumbers :: Personal Narrative Writing

Sea-Cucumbers I have always found sea-cucumbers to be strange. If you have ever been snorkeling, you may or may not have noticed these elongated vegetables on the sea floor. I suppose I shouldn’t call them vegetables though, because they are slightly more ‘cognizant’ than garden-variety greenery. Instead I have dubbed them ocean-turds, because honestly, they do look the great defecation of a marine mammoth. They are also well-shaped, perfectly cylindrical turds at that! I am rambling again. Forgive me. In eighth grade, my parents and I took a trip to Japan. My dad is a baseball scout, and instead of flying over solo to give the Kyoto Carps the once-over, he decided to make the scout into a family vacation. I was skeptical. I don’t like seafood, and here we are, going to a country that eats raw fish and that names its baseball teams after blunt-nosed marine life. The city itself seemed a bouleversement of day and night. Humanity’s great invention, the lightbulb, mocked with overwhelming voltage, density, and quantity nature’s celestial fireballs. Bulbs, the imitators, the pupils of fusion, now ridiculed night with flashes from across the spectrum. As we drove into Tokyo, I couldn’t believe that its citizens were able to sleep at night, what with such lambent pollution. But I was eager to walk the streets, to run into the shops that beckoned to me with signs for Sony and with gadgetry that inhabited the display windows. The hotel room had paper walls! As an American used to a room’s noiseless seclusion, I liked the idea that here, rooms were not meant to be space with a relentless fixation on privacy. I promptly made my mark. Restless after the long plane flight, I was bouncing off the walls when I literally poked an extremity through one. You can image my surprise at discovering such fragility. I am in the holy land of ninjas and samurai, and I have just punched my way through a wall. Awesome! I felt like ‘the kid’ from â€Å"Karate Kid.† All that was missing was the exotic, ruminative twang and non-western modality of Asian music. Of course, my ninjas-and-gadgets glorification of the place was, alas, not meant to be. My fun and games had to be extinguished; a foot had to be put down and that foot was Japan’s ooey-gooey cuisine. My dad was interested in one of the Carp’s players, and as was customary, the team’s owner felt a strong sense of duty to take us out for a traditional Japanese dinner, so that the two of them could discuss arrangements for the trade.

Corporate Social Responsibility :: Social Responsibility Essays

Introduction of CSR Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a widespread topic in business issues and critical sector. In the fast fast companies are facing fast change and consumers always on the topic of traceability of food chain. Consumers and governmental organizations are increasingly focusing their attention on corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. CSR research has evolved over the last 50 years (Carroll, 1999). CSR is divided as a four parts pyramid (Carroll, 1991). Firstly, the meaning of economic responsibility, organization should be profitable. Secondly, the legal responsibility is very important for the company to obey the laws of the society. Thirdly, the ethical responsibility of the company to do what is right and philanthropic responsibility of the company is related to social, educational, recreational or cultural. Each factor is very important and there are lively relationship between all and when understanding the meaning it reflected to corporation.(Carroll, 19 91).As a foundation, Carroll (1979, 1991) integrated various streams of CSR research to define a model that extended corporate performance beyond traditional economic and legal considerations to include ethical and discretionary responsibilities. Article ‘Philanthropic’ Support for the Arts: Views from the Corporate Sector (Nigel J. Baldwin B.Bus. M. Accounting & Finance) Graduate School of Business, RMIT University, August 2009 http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/uploads/approved/adt-VIT20100205.141643/public/02whole.pdf CSR in food industry CSR in the food industry are complicated and with the development of internet, mostly companies use websites for showcase their CSR on food safety developed marketing goals. Moreover, CSR activities can enhance brand, customer satisfaction, employee’s rates and relation with government (Freeman, 1984). There are so many other benefits include improved financial performance, reduced operating costs, relationship link with customers and awareness of their needs (Jones, Comport & Hillier, 2008) Introduction The fast-food industry has been developing rapidly in the markets globally, at the same time bringing several significant changes in practices, work, and employment relations. Fast food is very much popular in every culture, it is spreading by a society, including commercial, political, media and other systems.Fast food restaurants are very famous and their products prepared in a standardized method that their customers satisfied with quickly and efficiently for takeaway. The growth and success has brought disadvantages to the workers’ rights and the conditions of work as well as providing well insight on how work and employment relation should be managed better. (Royle & Towers, 2002)

The Potential of Gene Therapy to Cure Diabetes Essay -- Biology Medica

The Potential of Gene Therapy to Cure Diabetes Abstract Gene therapy treats and prevents a disease by introducing a vector of genetic material into certain cells to alter the function or ability of a gene. The promise of gene therapy as a cure for diabetes has been considered ever since this new technology emerged into the clinical and research sphere. Although such methods have yet to undergo human clinical tests, gene therapy holds much potential to bring a radical new way of treating autoimmune diseases such as diabetes. By targeting certain genes that control the insulin and ?-cell production in the pancreas, gene therapy will someday fulfill its potential to cure the disease that is the number one cause of heart disease in the United States. This paper will explore the potential protocols and products that can be used to treat Type I Diabetes. Diabetes is an autoimmune disease that has affected more than 140 million people in the world. This disease, results from the attack of the killer T-cells of the immune system upon the ?-cells in the pancreas that produces insulin. (Lin et al., 2001). Until recently, this disease could only be treated with daily insulin injections and adherence to a strict, low glucose diet. With more than ninety percent of diabetics at risk for future complications like heart disease, blindness, and renal failure, diabetes has developed into more than just a medical issue. Diabetes is also becoming largely an emotional and economic issue. Victims of this disease have no choice but to adjust their lives around the only object that could change their lives?a daily injection that may cost 50% of the annual income in developing countries and up to 600% in non-developed countries. New technology th... ...ne Therapy, (10), 875-889. Grey, S.T., et al. (1999). Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the anti-apoptotic protein A20 in rodent islets inhibits IL-1ï ¿ ½-induced NO release. Transplantation Proceedings, (31),789. Lin, Andrew, Cathy Huang, and Kendrick Ong. (2001). Type I AutoImmune Diabetes. Diabetes & Gene Therapy. July 21, 2005: http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm2001/J01T0301B/index.html Nitta, Y., et al. (1998). Systemic Delivery of Interleukin 10 by Intramuscular Injection of Expression Plasmid DNA Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Human Gene Therapy, (9), 1701-1707. Rudolph, Frederick B., et al. (1996). Biotechnology: Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry P. Thule, P.M. and Liu, J.M. (2000). Regulated hepatic insulin gene therapy of STZ-diabetic rats. Gene Therapy 7: 1744-1752.